Emerging insights into silicon-mediated defence systems against insect pests in sugarcane

Silicon has been recognized as an important beneficial element in cereal and grass crops like sugarcane. Sugarcane, among the world's leading sugar-producing crops, is extremely vulnerable to insect attack with an estimated loss in yield of 20% in cane and 15% in sugar recovery. The exogenous application of silicon plays a vital role in protecting plants from the damage caused by major insect pests, particularly stalk borers (Eldana saccharina, Chilo infuscatellus, Diatraea saccharalis) and sucking insects. Silicon applied through soil amendments, foliar sprays, and nanoparticles has been shown to greatly enhance resistance under both field and controlled conditions. Phytolith deposition in plant tissues formed physical barriers, slowing larval penetration and causing mandibular wear, whereas soil-applied silicon inhibits larval growth and boring success. Aside from structural defences, silicon modulates defence signalling networks and enhances herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) emission, thereby attracting natural enemies, and reducing pest density. However, the molecular and physiological basis of silicon-driven pest resistance in sugarcane remains poorly understood, and the integration of silicon into broader pest management systems is still limited. Advancing research on its interaction with defence networks, signalling pathways, and optimized application methods is therefore crucial. Together, silicon-mediated resistance represents a multidimensional strategy, that integrates mechanical reinforcement, biochemical defence, and ecological regulation. Incorporating silicon into pest management programs promises reduced dependence on synthetic insecticides, improved cane productivity, and enhanced sustainability in sugarcane production. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms, effects, delivery methods and challenges of silicon application in sugarcane pest management.