Climate change driven strategies for mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses in grapevine Vitis vinifera L.

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most widely cultivated perennial fruit crops worldwide, occupying approximately 7.3 million hectares and producing nearly 71 million metric tons of grapes annually, with about 47.4% used for wine production, underscoring its major contribution to global agro-economies. However, viticulture is increasingly challenged by climate change–driven abiotic and biotic stresses that threaten yield, fruit quality, and long-term sustainability. This review synthesizes empirical research published between 2005 and 2024, critically analyzing over 180 peer-reviewed studies to assess the impacts of climatic variability on grapevine physiology, molecular regulation, productivity, and wine quality, while evaluating current and emerging adaptation strategies. Both quantitative approaches (climate–yield modeling, multivariate and correlation analyses) and qualitative evidence from physiological, molecular, and agronomic studies were integrated to evaluate the strength and consistency of reported responses. Across studies, rising temperatures beyond optimal thresholds consistently exert negative effects on photosynthesis, berry development, and yield, whereas elevated atmospheric CO2 shows neutral to moderately positive effects under non-limiting conditions. However, these benefits are frequently offset when elevated CO2 coincides with heat and drought stress. Integrated climate–yield models synthesized in this review explain approximately 42.6% of global wine yield variability, identifying temperature as the dominant limiting factor under current warming trends. Qualitative evidence further indicates that increasing heat, drought, salinity, and ultraviolet radiation disrupt photosynthesis, reproductive success, berry metabolism, and secondary metabolite composition, while intensifying pathogen pressure and insect herbivory. At the molecular level, grapevine stress adaptation is regulated by interconnected networks involving abscisic acid, calcium and ROS signaling, heat shock proteins, antioxidant defenses, and stress-responsive transcription factors, enhancing physiological resilience and metabolic plasticity. This review evaluates key strategies—including precision viticulture, stress-tolerant cultivars, sustainable management, soil–water conservation, and emerging technologies such as IoT-based sensing, remote sensing, predictive modeling, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing—to support vineyard resilience under ongoingclimate change.