Social acceptance of solar energy and the role of NGOs in Iran's energy transition: a case study in Golestan Province

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are important intermediaries in fostering public participation and social acceptance of RE technologies that are informed by the principles of TM transition management. Using a qualitative approach, based on TM transition management theory, this study examines the barriers to solar energy adoption in Iran from the perspective of NGOs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 active NGO members, and a conceptual model of key barriers was developed. Findings indicate that the limited effectiveness of NGOs is due to insufficient financial and material resources; low public awareness of NGO initiatives and RE benefits; insufficient scientific and practical capacities in NGOs; lack of coordination with policymakers in decision-making and implementation; and consequently, lack of stakeholder interactions. These barriers hinder the relational processes essential for energy transition, as conceptualized in TM frameworks. By illuminating the underutilized potential of NGOs, this research provides practical insights for policymakers, communities, and governments to increase social acceptance and accelerate RE deployment, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals. Future studies should explore consumer and producer perspectives to comprehensively address the pillars of the energy transition, including community energy partnerships across the social, public, and private sectors.