Ethnopharmacological Uses of <i>Cannabis</i> in the Arabic–Islamic Golden Age from the IXth to the XVIth Century CE

Cannabis has been used as a medicinal plant for over two thousand years and has played a significant role in the ethnopharmacological practices of numerous cultures throughout history. The aim of this study is to explore the medicinal uses of Cannabis as documented in the Arabic pharmacopoeia during the medieval period from the IX th to the XVI th century AD. This study is based on a historical and ethnopharmacological approach, analyzing a variety of Arabic medical manuscripts, treatises, and texts dating from the IX th to the XVI th century. The analysis revealed that Cannabis has properties to treat different ailments, including endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases; disorders of the nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system, genitourinary system; conditions affecting the skin and subcutaneous tissue; diseases of the articular system and conjunctive tissue; as well as various undefined symptoms, signs, and morbid states. These therapeutic effects were achieved through the use of various parts of the Cannabis plant, such as seeds, leaves, roots, and flowering tops (inflorescences). However, its use was also related to cultural and religious considerations, influencing its utilization and acceptance of its properties. The historical study of Cannabis in the Arabic pharmacopeia highlights its significance as a key element in traditional medicine. Its diverse therapeutic applications, documented centuries ago, continue to resonate within modern medical research. By examining this ancient practice provides a deeper understanding of the enduring medicinal value of Cannabis and its lasting influence on contemporary therapeutic approaches.