Artificial Intelligence in Geotechnical Engineering: Enhancing Practice While Preserving Engineering Judgment

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly influencing geotechnical engineering through applications in site characterization, CPT/SPT interpretation, foundation engineering, slope stability assessment, and infrastructure monitoring. Advances in machine learning, intelligent sensing, and digital technologies have expanded opportunities for data-driven analysis and decision support. Emerging concepts such as Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and Digital Twins further enhance the scope of AI-enabled geotechnical practice. However, challenges related to data quality, model transparency, uncertainty, and reliability remain significant. This perspective article reviews contemporary applications of AI in geotechnical engineering, discusses associated opportunities and limitations, and presents conceptual frameworks for responsible Human–AI collaboration. The article emphasizes that Artificial Intelligence should enhance engineering practice while preserving the importance of engineering judgment and professional accountability. Disclaimer: This manuscript is an undergraduate perspective review intended to stimulate discussion regarding the responsible integration of Artificial Intelligence in geotechnical engineering. The proposed frameworks are conceptual and should not be interpreted as validated engineering methodologies.