Evaluation of Knowledge and Attitude Among General Dental Practitioners Towards the Impact of Psychological Factors Affecting Periodontium: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Survey

Background Periodontal disease is a multifactorial inflammatory condition influenced not only by microbial plaque but also by systemic, environmental, behavioral, and psychological factors. Psychological conditions, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, may contribute to periodontal disease progression through altered immune responses, increased inflammatory mediators, poor oral hygiene practices, smoking, and decreased compliance with dental treatment. General dental practitioners (GDPs) are often the first healthcare professionals to identify oral manifestations associated with psychological distress. Therefore, adequate knowledge and awareness regarding the relationship between psychological factors and periodontal health are essential for comprehensive patient management. However, limited data are available regarding the awareness and attitudes of GDPs toward the psychosocial aspects of periodontal disease. Aim The present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices of GDPs regarding the impact of psychological factors on periodontal health. Materials and methods A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among GDPs. A structured self-administered questionnaire consisting of demographic details, knowledge-based questions, attitude assessment, and clinical practice-related questions was developed after reviewing relevant literature. The questionnaire was validated by subject experts and pilot-tested prior to circulation. The final questionnaire was distributed electronically using Google Forms. Responses obtained were compiled and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables. Results Most participants demonstrated awareness regarding the influence of psychological factors on periodontal health. Stress and anxiety were the most commonly identified by practitioners as being linked to periodontal disease progression. A majority of respondents agreed that psychological evaluation should be incorporated into routine dental examinations; however, fewer practitioners reported routinely discussing psychological well-being with patients. Participants showed moderate understanding regarding mechanisms linking psychological stress and periodontal disease, including altered immune response, behavioral changes, and reduced treatment compliance. Limited confidence in managing stress-related periodontal conditions and a lack of formal training were identified as common barriers among practitioners. Conclusion GDPs demonstrated a positive attitude and moderate level of awareness regarding the influence of psychological factors on periodontal health. However, gaps remain in practical implementation and confidence in addressing psychosocial concerns during routine periodontal care. Incorporating behavioral sciences and psychosocial assessment training into undergraduate dental education and continuing professional development programs may improve holistic patient management and periodontal treatment outcomes.