Surgical and Prosthetic Options For the Atrophic Maxilla and Mandible: A Comprehensive Review

AbstractSevere alveolar ridge atrophy of the maxilla and mandible remains a major clinicalchallenge in implant dentistry and prosthodontics. Progressive bone resorption followingtooth loss compromises prosthetic stability, facial esthetics, and functional rehabilitation. Contemporary management involves a spectrum of surgical augmentation procedures and prosthetic strategies tailored to residual bone anatomy and patient specific factors. This review critically examines the etiology and classification of jaw atrophy and synthesizes current surgical techniques including guided bone regeneration, sinus floor elevation, distraction osteogenesis, nerve repositioning, and use of zygomatic implants alongside prosthetic rehabilitation options such as implant supported overdentures and full arch fixed restorations. Emphasis is placed on interdisciplinary treatment planning, digital workflows, complications, and long-term outcomes.