Protective effects of <i>Angelica dahurica</i> polysaccharide on alleviating hippocampus injury induced by ovariectomized/D-galactose in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress and its serum metabolomics

polysaccharide (ADP) on the hippocampus. ADP alleviated ovariectomized/D-Galactose (OVX/D-Gal)-induced hippocampal damage and enhanced antioxidant capacity (increased SOD/GSH-Px, decreased MDA). Additionally, ADP activated the Nrf2 pathway (upregulated Nrf2, downregulated NQO1/HO-1) and inhibited apoptosis (upregulated Bcl-2, downregulated Bax/cleaved caspase-3). Untargeted metabolomics revealed that ADP reversed seven oxidative stress-related metabolites, and pathway analysis implicated glycerophospholipid metabolism in its antioxidant mechanism. These results demonstrated that ADP protects against OVX/D-Gal-induced hippocampal oxidative injury by activating Nrf2, enhancing antioxidant capacity, inhibiting apoptosis, and regulating glycerophospholipid metabolism.