Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Periodontal Regeneration and Implant Dentistry- A Comprehensive Review

AbstractBone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional cytokines belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-􀀀) superfamily that play critical roles in boneformation, tissue regeneration, and cellular differentiation. Originally identified by Urist in 1965, BMPs have since been extensively studied for their osteoinductive properties and clinical applications in periodontal regeneration and implant dentistry. More than 30 BMPs have been identified, with BMP-2 and BMP-7 emerging as the most clinically relevant for dental applications. This review comprehensively examines the history, classification, signaling mechanisms, and clinical applications of BMPs in periodontics and implant dentistry.The influence of carrier and delivery systems on regenerative outcomes is also discussed. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies demonstrates that recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) significantly improves alveolar bone regeneration, cementum formation, and osseointegration of dental implants. Despite their immense potential, challenges remain in optimizing delivery systems, dosing, and cost-effectiveness for routine clinical use.