Mandates without means: a critical policy review of biodiesel production targets in the Philippines

Abstract The Philippine government set a series of biodiesel production capacity targets between 2017 and 2025, rising from 574.90 million liters to 885.55 million liters. This review examined that upward trend and how actual output consistently fell short of policy benchmarks. The revised Philippine Energy Plan 2018–2040 replaced blend percentage targets with capacity goals in response to persistent feedstock shortages, volatile coconut oil prices, and logistical bottlenecks. While capacity rose, production remained low due to underutilization, lack of enforcement, and rigid policies. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 further weakened fuel demand, disrupted operations, and worsened coconut supply issues. This review evaluated how RA 9367 and its implementation failed to connect infrastructure growth with real output and environmental performance. It identified the disconnection between blending mandates and actual biodiesel use. Core recommendations included forming an interagency task force, requiring feedstock audits, enforcing performance thresholds, and amending the law to include penalties and pricing adjustments.