Evidence-based Management of Vascular Lesions of Head and Neck: Current Concepts and Treatment Strategies- A Research

AbstractBackground: Vascular lesions of the head and neck encompass a heterogeneous group of vascular tumours and malformations characterized by diverse biological behaviour, variable haemodynamics, and complex anatomical relationships. Their management remains challenging due to risks of haemorrhage, functional impairment, and aesthetic deformity, particularly within the maxillofacial region. Contemporary understanding has evolved substantially following adoption of the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification, which provides a biologically based framework for diagnosis and treatment planning.Objective: To provide a comprehensive narrative review of current concepts in classification, diagnostic evaluation, and multidisciplinary management of vascular lesions of the head and neck with specific emphasis on implications for oral and maxillofacial surgery practice.Methods: A structured research was performed through critical appraisal of established oral and maxillofacial surgery literature and recent peer-reviewed publications addressing vascular anomaly classification, imaging advances, and therapeutic strategies. Data were synthesized and rewritten to ensure originality while maintaining scientific rigor and clinical applicability.Results: Accurate differentiation between vascular tumours and vascular malformations is fundamental to successful treatment. Advances in diagnostic imaging, including Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, permit detailed assessment of lesion extent and flow characteristics. Emerging therapeutic paradigms favour individualized, minimally invasive, and multimodal approaches incorporating pharmacotherapy (including beta-blocker therapy for infantile haemangiomas), sclerotherapy, endovascular embolization, laser therapy, and selective surgical intervention. Multidisciplinary collaboration has significantly improved functional preservation, aesthetic outcomes, and long-term disease control.