Predictive value of the hemoglobin–albumin–lymphocyte–platelet score for intravenous immunoglobulin resistance in children with Kawasaki disease

BACKGROUND: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance is a major clinical challenge in children with Kawasaki disease (KD) and is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery lesions. Early identification of patients at high risk of IVIG resistance remains clinically important. METHODS: Medical data were collected from KD patients at Anhui Provincial Hospital between January 2018 and December 2023. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for IVIG resistance in KD. The study further performed subgroup analyses and restricted cubic spline (RCS) to visualize the dose-response association between hemoglobin-albumin-lymphocyte-platelet score (HALP) and IVIG resistance. The predictive performance of HALP was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and decision curve analysis (DCA), and internal validation was performed using bootstrap resampling. RESULTS: A total of 598 patients were included, of whom 58 (9.7%) were identified as IVIG-resistant. Patients with IVIG-resistant KD had significantly lower HALP scores, and low HALP was identified as an independent risk factor for IVIG resistance. The association was consistent across subgroups defined by age, sex, and incomplete KD (IKD). The area under the curve (AUC) for HALP in predicting IVIG resistance was 0.854, outperforming NLR (AUC = 0.751), PLR (AUC = 0.793), and SII (AUC = 0.759). In addition, DCA showed that HALP provided greater net benefit when the threshold probability ranged from 0.02 to 0.63. Moreover, subgroup ROC indicated that HALP had higher predictive value in patients aged ≤ 6 months (AUC = 0.934) and ≥ 48 months (AUC = 0.947). CONCLUSIONS: HALP is independently associated with IVIG resistance in children with KD and demonstrated good performance for early risk stratification, particularly in patients aged ≤ 6 months and ≥ 48 months. As a simple and readily available biomarker, HALP may serve as a useful complementary tool in routine pediatric clinical practice.