Update on spasticity: part-2 – physical, pharmacological and surgical management

The management options for spasticity include non-pharmacological approaches, oral antispasticity drugs, botulinum injections, intrathecal baclofen, neuromodulation techniques and surgery. Effective management necessitates a tailored approach grounded in a comprehensive understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, disease progression and functional outcomes. Spasticity does not always require treatment. The management should be oriented towards goals which are meaningful for individual patients. This process requires a multidisciplinary team with treatment modalities to reduce spasticity categorised into physical methods, pharmacotherapy, interventional and focal therapies as well as surgical methods.