Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among airport employees: a systematic literature review of prevalence, risks and interventions

Objectives. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a major occupational health concern and may affect airport employees due to diverse physical, ergonomic and psychosocial work demands. This systematic review synthesized evidence on WMSD prevalence, associated risk factors, interventions and regulatory gaps across airport occupational groups. Methods. The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines and was prospectively registered in the Open Science Framework. Searches of Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (WoS) identified 3616 records published between 2000 and 2025; 39 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results. Baggage handlers were the most frequently studied group, while many airport occupations remain under-researched. The lower back, shoulders and neck were the most commonly affected body regions, with prevalence varying across occupational groups and tasks. Physical and ergonomic exposures were the most consistently reported risk factors, while psychosocial, organizational and individual factors were also associated with WMSDs. Reported interventions were limited and focused mainly on ergonomic adjustments, training and organizational strategies, with little evidence of effectiveness. Conclusions. WMSDs are a significant occupational health concern in airport environments, highlighting the need for stronger preventive strategies and more tailored regulatory and policy frameworks.