Neuroplasticity After TBI: Meta-Analysis Reveals Structural and Cognitive Recovery Beyond Six Months Is Enhanced by Targeted Learning

This meta-analysis evaluated whether cognitive enrichment and targeted learning interventions result in greater structural and cognitive recovery than standard care among adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study examined both neuroimaging and behavioral outcomes, with particular emphasis on recovery beyond six months post-injury and the involvement of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Overall, the interventions produced significantly greater improvements than standard care, especially in individuals assessed more than six months after injury. Notable benefits were observed in measures of gray and white matter integrity. However, correlation-based measures yielded inconsistent findings. Collectively, the results suggest that structured cognitive interventions are more effective than standard care in enhancing neuroimaging outcomes and promoting measurable recovery-related changes.