Electrochemical Biosensors for Hormone Detection: Advances and Trends—An Update Since 2010

Hormones regulate numerous physiological processes and are essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Accurate hormone quantification is crucial for the diagnosis and monitoring of endocrine and metabolic disorders. Electrochemical biosensors have recently emerged as promising platforms for hormone detection, offering simplicity, rapid response, cost-effectiveness, and high sensitivity compared to conventional techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry. This review summarizes the advances in electrochemical biosensors for detecting clinically relevant hormones, including cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, parathyroid hormone, prolactin, and insulin, since 2010. Particular attention has been paid to developments in electrode modification strategies, including nanomaterials, redox enzymes, and novel recognition elements, which significantly improve the sensitivity and selectivity. These advances enable hormone detection at lower concentrations in various biological and environmental matrices. Despite these promising developments, challenges related to sensor stability, fabrication costs, and regeneration procedures limit their large-scale commercialization. Future research should focus on improving robustness, optimizing immobilization strategies, and integrating innovative materials to enhance the analytical performance. Continued collaboration among researchers, engineers, and healthcare professionals is essential. With ongoing technological progress, electrochemical biosensors are expected to play an important role in clinical diagnosis, point-of-care testing, and personalized medicine.