Origin, Existence and Stability Mechanism of Electric Charge

Classical physics and modern quantum theories have long summarized the external phenomena, quantitative indicators and interaction laws of electric charge, yet failed to answer the fundamental question of why electric charge exists and what its core value is. Based on the decay laws of microscopic particles, binding modes of atomic nuclei and formation logic of three-dimensional atomic structures, this paper puts forward a new inference: electric charge is not an inherent incidental physical parameter of elementary particles, but a core attribute evolved by material particles to get rid of isolated instability, realize inter-particle symbiosis and build stable microstructures. Physical experiments prove that all elementary particles including protons, neutrons and electrons cannot maintain long-term stability in isolation. Free neutrons will undergo spontaneous decay in a short time, while isolated protons and free electrons are incapable of building material systems. Two distinct interactions enable particles to achieve stable binding: neutrons and protons aggregate via the strong interaction to form atomic nuclei, the core units of matter. Protons inside atomic nuclei further bind extranuclear electrons through electromagnetic force generated by electric charge, gradually forming structurally complete atoms. Atoms assemble and combine to evolve into molecules and various observable macroscopic substances. Based strictly on objective experimental phenomena, this paper does not trace the original origin of electric charge in the universe, but deduces the inevitability of its existence from the perspective of particle survival and structural stability. It systematically elaborates the underlying logic of unit positive-negative charge pairing, orderly operation of atoms and diversification of material forms. Breaking away from the traditional interpretation of quantum superposition state, this study establishes a new theoretical system of charge function centered on structural stability.