A scalable and replicable heat transfer laboratory sequence to enhance undergraduate learning

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to heat transfer instruction through a coordinated laboratory sequence that integrates a modular suite of inexpensive and largely custom-built experiments spanning multiple modes of heat transfer. The sequence is grounded in an educational framework that emphasizes scaffolded learning, iterative engagement between theory and experiment, and the progressive construction of conceptual schemata. Within this framework, the laboratories are structured so that students repeatedly connect theoretical analysis with experimental observation while developing experimental and modeling skills. Because most apparatus were designed and constructed in-house using low-cost components, the laboratories are accessible and replicable across institutions with varying laboratory resources. The sequence culminates in a building heat-load analysis project in which students apply course concepts to evaluate the thermal performance of a real structure in collaboration with a community partner. Student feedback suggest that this integrated approach reinforced conceptual understanding and strengthened engagement while demonstrating how a coherent, low-cost experimental framework can support scalable heat transfer instruction.