Problematic media use, loneliness, and digital literacy in primary school children

Abstract This study aims to examine the relationship between problematic media use (PMU), digital literacy (DL), and loneliness among primary school children. The participants were 957 children aged 8 to 11 years. Data were collected using standardized instruments measuring PMU, loneliness, and DL, and analyzed using GLM analysis. The findings revealed significant relationships between DL, loneliness, and PMU. Loneliness was statistically associated with PMU both directly and indirectly, with DL accounting for part of this association. The findings suggest that loneliness is meaningfully related to higher levels of PMU. Higher levels of DL do not necessarily ensure healthy media habits, particularly among children experiencing loneliness. Therefore, DL education should move beyond technical skills to include components that foster emotional regulation and social connection. In this regard, DL programs should be designed to address not only cognitive but also emotional and social needs.