Rhinoscopy in horses: Endoscopic anatomy, technique and equipment

Summary Rhinoscopy is a valuable imaging modality for diagnosis of conditions affecting the nasal and paranasal cavities in horses. Despite wide application in clinical practice, systematic endoscopic evaluation of the conchal bullae, nasal conchae and adjacent structures has seldom been described. This study set out to provide a detailed description of the technical and anatomical aspects involved in flexible rhinoscopy in horses. The endoscopic anatomy of the nasal conchae and meatuses has been emphasised. Innovations in endoscopic technology have translated into safer, more accurate and less invasive examination of the nasal cavity in horses. Deep understanding of the anatomy and careful equipment selection are essential for appropriate endoscopic assessment of nasal and paranasal structures, with significant contributions to diagnostic accuracy and successful treatment of several upper respiratory tract diseases.