Programmable MOF–CNC Nanohybrid Networks Enabling Ion Transport Sensing and Efficient Water Purification

= 0.999) and is dominated by coordination and interfacial interactions at ZIF-CNC domains. The improved pore connectivity and accessibility in freeze-cast structures reduce mass transfer limitations and enhance utilization of active sites. Practical applicability is demonstrated through seed germination assays, where treated water restores plant growth to near-reference conditions. This work highlights a scalable strategy for coupling MOF nanohybrids with architecture-directed processing to control transport and adsorption performance, providing a versatile platform for high-efficiency water treatment.