Ecology of mosquitoes in Scottish wetlands and confirmation of Culex pipiens biotype molestus and pipiens/molestus hybrids in Scotland

BACKGROUND: The recent spread of mosquito-borne pathogens and their vectors within Europe highlights the impact of climate change on vector-borne disease (VBD) distributions. Mosquito surveillance has been implemented in many European countries to monitor expansion of vector populations and VBDs, but ability to predict disease risk is constrained by geographic data gaps, particularly in northern areas. In the United Kingdom, wetland mosquito surveillance has been conducted extensively in England, with a knowledge deficit for Scotland. Here, we addressed this gap through a nationwide survey of mosquitoes at Scottish wetlands, with aims of (1) confirming the geographic distribution and environmental drivers of mosquito occurrence and abundance, and (2) identifying the presence of vector species of epidemiological concern, including the Culex pipiens molestus biotype, an important vector of emerging VBDs in mainland Europe. METHODS: Monthly mosquito sampling was conducted between June and October 2023 at 22 sites across Scotland comprising six wetland types: coastal saltmarsh, wet grassland, wet woodland, reedbeds, ponds and blanket bog. Adult and larval populations were sampled using Biogents BG-Pro traps and larval dipping respectively. Microclimatic and hydrological variables were recorded at collection sites and used in generalised linear mixed models to identify predictors of mosquito presence and abundance. RESULTS: 1951 adults (17 species/groups) and 860 larvae (six species/groups) were collected from wetlands over 183 and 164 sampling events respectively. Mosquitoes were widely distributed across the Scottish mainland including up to the northern coast, being found at all but one site. Several potential vector species including Culex pipiens s.l. and Anopheles claviger s.l. were common. Amongst the adult Culex pipiens s.l. specimens, approximately 8% were Culex pipiens biotype molestus or hybrid forms. Total mosquito abundance and that of key vector species were positively associated with temperature and rainfall. CONCLUSIONS: We report the widespread distribution of mosquitoes in wetlands throughout Scotland, including potential vector species previously unconfirmed in Scotland. Predicted associations between mosquito abundance, rainfall and temperature indicate that climate change could favour mosquito populations in Scotland. Our results provide the first detailed description of mosquito ecology in Scotland, as required to update assessment of VBD risk under climate change.LE: Graphical abstract is mandatory for publication in this journal. Please provide the graphical abstract.Thank you, this will be uploaded and attached.