An Explicit Review and Proposal of an Integrated Framework to Improve Adaptive Front–Rear Brake Force Distribution in Electric Commercial Vehicles

Adaptive brake force distribution (BFD) is critical for the safety and efficiency of electric commercial vehicles (ECVs), yet the integration of thermal constraints, real-time control, and stability requirements remains fragmented. Following PRISMA 2020, a systematic search in IEEE Xplore and Web of Science (2016–2026) was performed, yielding 156 core studies classified into five thematic groups: fundamentals, MPC-based control, PSO, integrated frameworks, and validation methods. The analysis reveals a tripartite fragmentation: 27 MPC studies neglect thermal constraints; 22 PSO studies lack real-time adaptability; 52 studies target commercial vehicles, but none validate front–rear redistribution under concurrent thermal and stability constraints. Only two studies address thermal-aware distribution, and seven consider pneumatic delay compensation. Publication volume accelerates, indicating rising interest. The literature treats thermal management, real-time redistribution, and stability-constrained control as separate problems, leaving a critical gap: online correction of the ideal distribution curve under coupled thermal-stability constraints for ECVs is absent. To fill this gap, a hierarchical MPC-PSO framework is proposed, where PSO (1–5 Hz) adaptively tunes MPC weights based on vehicle state, and MPC (20–50 Hz) executes optimal control integrating regenerative, magnetic, and eddy current braking. This research aims to achieve two main objectives: to propose a new integrated framework that addresses the overlooked interrelationship between the stability constraints of ECVs and thermal constraints and to systematically reveal the state of integrative constraints on adaptive brake force distribution in electric commercial vehicles, with a focus on real-time control and stability requirements.