Restoration and rehabilitation of floodplain wetlands: a systematic, global review of restoration options and their outcomes

Abstract Introduction Floodplain wetlands are vitally important, highly productive, and biodiverse ecosystems. Species dependent on them are facing a range of threats including water extraction, habitat degradation, invasive species, and shifting climates. A growing number of ecosystems and species are in decline and facing increasing risk of biodiversity loss. Objectives We undertook a global literature review to synthesize research on floodplain wetland restoration and rehabilitation, exploring global trends in restoration techniques/methods, indicators of restoration outcomes, and reported success rates. Methods We used a novel approach, underpinned by a large language model (LLM) which was validated with a manual review process. Results We found continental differences in the prevalence of indicators and techniques used for restoration over the past 45 years. Revegetation was universally the most prevalent restoration technique used in floodplain wetlands globally. Geomorphic restoration approaches were underrepresented in Oceania compared to other continents. Predominantly, papers reported that outcomes of restoration were successful or partially successful, with unsuccessful outcomes likely underreported. Conclusions Our results show restoration techniques are not universally applied, and current restoration practices would benefit from global learning, and more specific reporting of success or failure.