Vadose zone infiltration wells for stormwater management and managed aquifer recharge: A global review and pre-/post-installation decision framework

Groundwater depletion and increasing flood risks are growing challenges to water security, intensified by weather extremes and land-use pressures. Vadose zone infiltration wells, such as drywells, offer a promising solution by enhancing aquifer recharge and managing excess surface water. While the technique shows strong potential, its global acceptance requires further clarification to overcome technical challenges. Successful implementation depends on proper installation and operation, as well as accurate site characterization, pretreatments to minimize clogging and ensure long-term performance, while assessing and reducing risks of aquifer contamination. In this study, we reviewed 56 peer-reviewed publications to assess the global acceptance of vadose zone infiltration wells, identify current and potential end-users, and examine technological developments related to water quantity, water quality, and clogging. Results indicate a growing global interest, particularly over the last 15 years, in urban areas, with agricultural adoption emerging recently. Modeling capabilities are well developed for water quantity, while measurement procedures have advanced significantly for water quality. Clogging, despite being a critical challenge, has received limited attention. Building on this synthesis, we propose a novel technical decision framework outlining key steps to be taken before installation (pre-installation) and during system operation (post-installation). By embedding state-of-the-art knowledge into practical protocols, this work aims to support scholars, engineers, and practitioners to promote safer adoption of vadose zone infiltration wells. Ultimately, the framework contributes to advancing safer installation and operation of these systems, contributing to groundwater sustainability and resilience, and promoting integrated water management in vulnerable regions.