Paper-based laser-written CoO–graphene biosensor for wireless sweat uric acid detection

and a detection limit of 1.08 μM for uric acid sensing. The mechanical robustness is confirmed by minimal resonance frequency variation under bending, shifting only from 13.525 MHz at 0° to 13.575 MHz at 180° (~ 0.37% relative change). This work establishes a low-cost, scalable, and environmentally sustainable route toward metal oxide-carbon hybrid biosensors, offering a promising pathway for wearable uric acid monitoring and next-generation point-of-care diagnostics.