RARE GENETIC DISEASES: CHALLENGES IN DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Rare genetic diseases constitute a diverse group of inherited disorders that collectively affect millions of individuals worldwide. Although each disease is uncommon, their combined burden presents significant clinical, social, and economic challenges. Most rare genetic disorders originate from mutations affecting genes, chromosomes, or other components of the human genome and frequently manifest during infancy or childhood. Due to their low prevalence and clinical heterogeneity, diagnosis is often delayed, resulting in prolonged uncertainty for patients and families. Recent advances in molecular genetics, genomic sequencing, and personalized medicine have improved diagnostic accuracy and expanded therapeutic possibilities. Nevertheless, many rare genetic diseases remain without effective treatment. This article examines the challenges associated with diagnosing and managing rare genetic diseases and explores emerging scientific innovations that may transform future patient care.