Plasma: The Fourth State of Matter and Its Applications in Modern Medicine with Special Reference to Cancer Treatment

Plasma, widely recognised as the fourth state of matter, is an ionized gas composed of free electrons, ions, and neutral particles that exhibit unique electrical and chemical properties. Unlike solids, liquids, and gases, plasma demonstrates collective behaviour due to its charged particles, making it highly responsive to electromagnetic fields. In recent years, plasma has gained significant attention in the field of medicine, particularly in sterilisation, wound healing, and cancer treatment. This study explores the fundamental nature of plasma and its growing role in modern healthcare, with a special focus on cold plasma applications in oncology. Traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy often cause severe side effects, including damage to healthy cells, immune suppression, and prolonged recovery time. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has emerged as a promising alternative due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which selectively target cancer cells while minimising harm to surrounding healthy tissues. This paper is based on a literature review of textbooks, research journals, and scientific articles. Findings suggest that plasma technology enhances antimicrobial activity, promotes faster tissue regeneration, and shows potential in selective cancer cell destruction through apoptosis. Plasma medicine represents a safe, innovative, and efficient approach to future healthcare systems.