Fish consumption behaviour and its determinants among residents of the inland districts of the Banadir Region, Somalia

Abstract Fish plays a critical role in food and nutrition security, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where it provides affordable, high-quality protein and essential micronutrients. Despite Somalia’s extensive marine resources, national per capita fish consumption remains low, and empirical evidence on inland urban consumption behaviour is limited. This study aimed to assess individual fish consumption behaviour and identify its demographic and market-related determinants among residents of inland districts in the Banadir Region, Somalia. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 384 adults selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics, followed by bivariate and multivariable logistic regression. The mean annual fish consumption was 8.96 ± 9.19 kg per capita, with 52.9% of respondents reporting intake at or above the median level (≥ 6 kg/year). Tuna was the most preferred species, and fresh fish was the dominant form consumed. In the bivariate analysis, education, income, market distance, availability, and price perception were significantly associated with fish consumption. In the multivariable analysis, secondary and tertiary education, monthly income of 301–700 USD, distance to fish markets, consistent availability, and perception of moderate pricing remained significant predictors of higher consumption ( p < 0.05). Economic constraints and limited availability were identified as major barriers. Strengthening inland distribution systems, improving affordability, and promoting nutrition-sensitive fisheries policies may enhance fish consumption and support urban food security in Somalia.