Revolutionizing waste management: smart technologies and sustainable aviation fuel integration for environmental sustainability

Abstract This manuscript introduces a novel approach integrating smart technologies and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production within solid waste management hierarchy to address waste accumulation and aviation emissions. The study demonstrates that approximately 960 Mt of municipal solid waste are available globally for biofuel conversion, with potential to produce 115 MT of SAF through gas/Fischer-Tropsch pathways. Our analysis reveals SAF production from waste reduces net greenhouse gas emissions by 27–87% compared to conventional jet fuel, with 1000 kg of waste converted yielding a 380 kg CO₂ reduction. The research establishes a revised environmental hierarchy prioritizing composting for biodegradable waste, followed by SAF production for non-compostable materials, with incineration as a last resort, addressing significant air pollutants and emissions from traditional incineration. The integration of smart technologies (digital and automated tools like Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, sensors, and data analytics that improve efficiency, traceability, and decision-making in waste management) boosts operational performance and facilitates waste-to-fuel conversion. Despite environmental benefits, economic challenges persist, with SAF production costs 2–8 times higher than fossil jet fuel. However, the global SAF market is projected to grow at 57.5% Compound Annual Growth Rate from USD 576 million (2022) to USD 15.7 billion (2030), improving viability through policy support and economies of scale. This integrated model addresses dual crises of waste management and aviation decarbonization while supporting the transition toward circular economies and climate-resilient infrastructure.