rsx: a high-performance streaming toolkit for RAD-seq sex determination

Abstract Background Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) is widely used to discover sex-linked markers in non-model organisms, and RADSex provides the reference workflow for building marker-by-individual depth tables and testing sex-biased marker distributions. Its table-building commands grow memory-hungry as panels reach millions of RAD tags, it reports frequentist calls with no posterior evidence, and it offers no Python or C interface. Results rsx is a Rust implementation of the complete RADSex command set that preserves marker-table semantics and command-line compatibility. It combines 2-bit DNA keys, parallel ingestion, memory-mapped tables, external sorting, bitset group counts and a streamed Gram matrix so that writable allocations stay bounded by the number of individuals or by an explicit buffer, with false-discovery-rate ranking the one deliberate exception. Conjugate Beta-Binomial Bayes factors and directional posteriors grade each marker as a strict call, a posterior-supported hypothesis or a Bayes-factor-only row, and an optional CUDA backend batches the per-marker arithmetic on the GPU. On four published RAD-seq panels comprising 41.9 billion sequenced bases, rsx reproduced the RADSex v1.2.0 calls, recovered every Bonferroni-significant positive-control marker, and was 8.38-fold faster in geometric mean across 56 paired timings; the CUDA backend adds up to 29.86-fold on the p -value batch. Python and C bindings drive the same core from notebooks and pipelines. Conclusions rsx is an allocation-bounded, statistically extended replacement for RADSex that stays backward-compatible and reports its evidence in explicit grades. It is released under the GPL-3.0-or-later licence, with a reproducibility archive covering every reported number.