Stochastic Optimal Energy Management of a Shore-Side Renewable Hydrogen Supply System for Hydrogen-Based Marine Vessels

The decarbonization of maritime transportation has increased the need for efficient and sustainable hydrogen-based energy systems supported by renewable energy resources (RESs). In this study, a stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)-based energy management framework is proposed for a shore-side renewable hydrogen supply system integrating photovoltaic (PV) and wind generation, electrolyzer (EL), fuel cell (FC), hydrogen storage, and electricity–hydrogen trading. The model incorporates uncertainties in RESs, electricity prices, and hydrogen demand through a scenario-based approach, enabling adaptive and coordinated system operation. The results indicate that effective coordination of RESs and conversion units significantly improves system performance, with the best configuration achieving a maximum operating gain of 219.34 €, demonstrating strong economic efficiency. In contrast, less flexible configurations result in substantially higher costs, reaching up to 54.53 €, highlighting the importance of system flexibility. From an environmental perspective, carbon emissions vary notably across configurations, with the lowest value of 0.9982 metric tons achieved under optimized conditions, while inefficient designs lead to emissions as high as 1.6280 metric tons. The findings confirm that the proposed stochastic framework effectively enhances both economic and environmental performance, providing a robust and scalable solution for sustainable hydrogen-based maritime energy systems.