Electrically Active Polymer Micro/Nanofibers via Electrospinning/Electrowriting for Sensing and Biomedical Applications

Electrically active polymer-based micro/nanofibers, particularly those based on conductive and piezoelectric materials, have attracted growing interest due to their ability to generate, transport, or modulate electrical signals. Their ultrahigh surface area-to-volume ratio, tunable architecture, and inherently low rigidity make them ideally suited for advanced sensing and biomedical applications. This review examines recent advances in electrically active micro/nanofibers, focusing on material-property relationships, fabrication strategies, structural designs, and applications. Conductive and piezoelectric polymers, along with their composites, are discussed with respect to how their intrinsic properties and the processing parameters of electrospinning and electrowriting govern fiber morphology, alignment, and internal microstructure. Particular emphasis is placed on structural design strategies, such as layered, core-shell, Janus, and scaffold architectures, enabled through electrospinning and electrowriting. Key applications, particularly in sensors and biomedical systems, are then explored, including physical and chemical sensors, drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue regeneration. Finally, the review identifies current challenges and offers perspectives on future directions toward intelligent, functional electrically active fiber platforms for next-generation technologies.