Adaptation and Validation of the Indonesian Version of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM) Among Primiparous Mothers Who Use Social Media

The present cross-sectional study aimed to adapt and validate the Indonesian version of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM) among primiparous mothers who actively use social media. Using purposive sampling, data were collected from 304 first-time mothers with infants under 12 months of age across multiple provinces in Indonesia, through both online and in-person Likert-scale questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation was conducted to examine the factor structure, while reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω, and construct validity was evaluated through composite reliability (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE). The results supported a two-factor structure of social comparison orientation, comprising ability and opinion comparison. The model demonstrated acceptable to good fit (RMSEA = 0.083; CFI = 0.969; TLI = 0.941; SRMR = 0.052; GFI = 0.972). Both factors exceeded recommended thresholds for construct reliability and convergent validity (CR > 0.70; AVE > 0.50), and the scale showed satisfactory internal consistency (α = 0.732; ω = 0.734) despite its brief six-item format. These findings indicate that the Indonesian version of the INCOM is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing social comparison orientation among primiparous mothers, particularly in the context of social media exposure. As an initial adaptation study, future research should examine measurement invariance across subgroups, assess temporal stability through longitudinal designs, and evaluate clinical utility, including sensitivity, specificity, and cut-off values. Overall, the instrument shows strong potential as a standardized tool for research and the development of evidence-based interventions targeting primiparous mothers in Indonesia.