THEORETICAL, LEGAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACCOUNTING FOR EXPORT AND IMPORT OPERATIONS

The rapid expansion of international trade and the increasing integration of national economies into the global market have significantly enhanced the importance of export and import operations in the activities of business entities. In this context, the organization of accounting for export-import transactions in accordance with both national and international standards has become a crucial factor in ensuring transparency, reliability, and effectiveness of financial reporting. This study examines the theoretical, legal, and methodological foundations of accounting for export and import operations, highlighting their economic significance, regulatory framework, and accounting treatment. The research analyzes the evolution of theoretical approaches to international trade, drawing upon the views of classical and contemporary economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Maynard Keynes, Michael Porter, and Paul Krugman. In addition, the study investigates the national legal framework governing export-import activities in Uzbekistan, including customs, tax, and foreign exchange regulations, as well as international regulatory instruments such as Incoterms 2020, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), World Trade Organization (WTO) rules, and International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreements. Particular attention is devoted to methodological aspects of accounting for export-import transactions, including documentation procedures, valuation methods, revenue recognition, foreign currency translation, customs payments, taxation issues, and the treatment of exchange rate differences. The study also explores the challenges faced by business entities in organizing accounting systems for foreign trade operations and emphasizes the importance of harmonizing national accounting standards with international practices. The findings indicate that the effective accounting of export and import operations requires a comprehensive approach based on legal compliance, accurate financial reporting, efficient information support, and adherence to international accounting principles. The research concludes that improving accounting methodologies for export-import activities contributes not only to enhancing the financial performance of enterprises but also to strengthening the competitiveness and sustainable development of the national economy.