Liposomal Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Bioavailability in Anticancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and continues to pose a significant challenge in modern healthcare systems. Conventional chemotherapy is associated with several drawbacks such as poor bioavailability, lack of specificity, systemic toxicity, and rapid degradation of anticancer drugs. To overcome these limitations, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have gained considerable attention. Among them, liposomes have emerged as one of the most promising carriers due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Liposomes are vesicular systems composed of phospholipid bilayers that enhance drug stability and improve pharmacokinetic properties. They facilitate targeted drug delivery through mechanisms such as the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, thereby increasing drug accumulation in tumor tissues. This review discusses the structure, classification, preparation methods, characterization techniques, advantages, and recent advancements in liposomal drug delivery systems for anticancer therapy. Furthermore, challenges and future perspectives are also highlighted to provide a comprehensive understanding of liposomal nanocarriers in cancer treatment.