Dual-mechanism vitamin C delivery by polyethylene glycol-23 glyceryl distearate-based niosomes via SVCT2 induction and enhanced transdermal penetration

induction and that GDS-23 is a multifunctional DDS nanocarrier that enhances skin permeation and may promote intracellular uptake by upregulating antioxidant-related transporters. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of combining functional nanocarriers with entrapped bioactive molecules, offering a promising strategy for efficient treatment of skin disorders and antioxidant-based interventions.