Country-wide typology-based analysis of production constraints in okra farming systems in Benin

Abstract Okra is a vital crop for food security in West Africa, yet its average yield remains among the lowest in Benin, with a limited understanding of its cropping practices. To characterize the socio-technical diversity of okra production, this study established a comprehensive typology of okra farming systems across Benin’s phytogeographic zones. We surveyed 420 randomly selected farmers and applied a typological approach combining Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) and Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (HCPC). We identified three distinct farming systems. The “intensive monocropping” system (24.3%), where higher levels fertilizers and intensive soil management practices are applied. The “low-input diversified” system (56.9%) with the most literate and gender-balanced farmers, applying intercropping and few fertilizers. The “flood-recession and low-input” system (18.8%) including the most experienced and male dominated farmers practicing monocropping with no mineral and few organic fertilizers. The flood-recession and low-input system recorded the significantly highest average yield (9.8 t/ha). Across all systems, pest and disease emerged as the dominant constraint reported by 97.47% of respondents, followed by access to inputs and poor soil quality. Overall, enhancing okra productivity in Benin will require interventions tailored to each farming system, integrating improved fertilization, inputs access and pest and disease management.