SYZYGIUM CUMINI (L.) SKEELS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGY, AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL

Syzygium cumini (L.) (SC) Skeels, commonly known as Jamun, is a widely used medicinal plant in traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Thevarious parts of the plant, including seeds, leaves, bark, fruits, and flowers, are rich in bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, terpenoids, anthocyanins, and alkaloids. The SC exhibits important pharmacological activities such as antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-diarrheal, anti-allergic, anthelmintic, antileishmanial, radioprotective, and sun-protective qualities have been shown in experimental studies. By modifying oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis, the plant exhibits special promise in the treatment of cardiometabolic disorders. Its traditional claims are strongly supported by preclinical findings, but the majority of the evidence comes from in vitro and animal studies. To confirm its therapeutic efficacy and safety in humans, more carefully planned clinical trials, extract standardization, and active principle identification are necessary. Based on these pre-clinical evidences, S. cumini is an important natural resource with a great deal of promise for advancement in contemporary phytomedicine and nutraceutical applications.