Paradigm shift in apomixis research: Targeting mutants with elements of apomixis in sexual crops

MAIN CONCLUSION: In addition to model system studies and synthetic engineering, prioritizing the discovery of naturally occurring apomixis-like mutants in crops would provide an immediate route to applied innovation in plant breeding. Apomixis is a remarkable form of asexual reproduction that enables plants to produce seeds without meiotic reduction or gametic fertilization in ovules. This process is mainly divided into two types: sporophytic and gametophytic apomixis, each following a distinct embryogenetic pathway with specific processes and characteristics of significant importance in plant biology. Apomixis provides insight into plant reproductive strategies, facilitating genetic stability and adaptation without reliance on sexual reproduction. An in-depth understanding of these pathways not only enriches knowledge in plant biology but also holds potential implications for advancing agricultural practices and conservation efforts. Yet current research on apomixis follows two main directions: (1) identifying and characterizing genes in natural model systems, and (2) engineering synthetic apomixis by introducing genes that mimic key components of asexual reproduction. Here, we sustain the screening and investigation of naturally occurring mutants that may arise in populations from spontaneous DNA changes (i.e., mutants that are not induced artificially through genetic engineering or by molecular or cellular biotechnological methods), with possible elements of apomixis directly in crop plant species. Such a perspective may lead to new opportunities to harness apomixis for crop improvement and the development of resilient varieties, as well as to accelerate the transfer and preservation of desirable plant traits.