Evolution and Integration of Grid-Connected Solar PV Technologies: A Review

Grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems play a vital role in meeting the growing global demand for clean and sustainable energy. These systems enable the efficient integration of solar power into utility grids, allowing excess electricity generated during peak sunlight hours to be supplied back to the grid. This not only benefits solar energy producers but also supports the overall energy infrastructure. This review presents the fundamental aspects of grid-connected solar PV systems, including their components, operating principles, and recent technological developments. Special emphasis is given to inverter technologies, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms, and grid synchronization techniques that enhance system performance and reliability. The study also discusses major challenges related to power quality, grid stability, and energy conversion efficiency, along with simulation-based analyses and practical applications. Furthermore, the review highlights the integration of energy storage systems and advanced power management strategies to improve system reliability, flexibility, and scalability. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive understanding of the technical, economic, and environmental aspects of integrating solar PV technologies into modern power systems, serving as a useful reference for researchers, engineers, and policymakers.