Tolerance of Three Wetland Plants in Multi‐Metal Solutions Containing Pb, Zn, Cr, and Mn in Temperate Regions

ABSTRACT This study investigated the removal of Pb, Zn, Cr, and Mn in a constructed wetland (CW) system using Phragmites australis , Scirpus validus , and Typha orientalis . Heavy metal concentrations decreased over time, with distinct species‐specific variations. T. orientalis achieved the highest Pb removal (69.94%), while S. validus showed the most effective Cr removal (56.57%), P. australis exhibited the highest Mn removal (70.13%), attributed to different root adsorption and sequestration mechanisms. Zn removal was strongly influenced by plant transport mechanisms, with T. orientalis reaching 54.56%. Zeolite‐assisted adsorption played a role in early‐stage removal but showed a saturation effects over time. Bioaccumulation analysis confirmed high bioconcentration factors (BCF > 1) for all metals, indicating strong accumulation potential, while low translocation factors (TF < 1) suggested that root‐based sequestration was the dominant mechanism. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of these wetland plants for heavy metal remediation and provide insights into optimizing CW systems in temperate regions.