Right to Privacy in the Digital Age: A Study under Article 21

We are living in an age where digital technology is deeply integrated into everyday life. From communication and education to banking and governance, almost every activity involves the use of digital platforms. While this transformation has brought convenience and efficiency, it has also raised serious concerns about the protection of personal information. Every online interaction generates data, often without the full awareness or consent of the individual. In India, the right to privacy has been recognized as a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. However, the increasing use of technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and surveillance systems has made it challenging to protect this right effectively. This paper examines the evolution of the right to privacy in India and analyzes its relevance in the digital age. Through a review of existing literature and legal frameworks, the study highlights the gap between constitutional recognition and practical enforcement. It also explores emerging challenges and suggests measures to strengthen privacy protection while maintaining a balance between technological advancement and individual rights.