Brittle-to-ductile transformation of rock induced by constant-resistance large-deformation anchorage: Implications from experimental tests on rock-like material

• This study first systematically investigates brittle-to-ductile transformation in CRLD-anchored solids. • CRLD anchorage regulates post-peak response and provides coupled strengthening–toughening effects. • Sudden brittle failure is converted into a controlled and staged energy-dissipation process. • The transformation is governed by confinement-induced strengthening and post-peak energy dissipation. • A concise suite of mechanical indices quantifies strength enhancement, ductility, and anchorage amplification.