ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AC POWER SYSTEM

The introduction of solar energy technologies in conventional Alternating Current (AC) power systems globally is gradually changing the over dependence on fossil fuel. In Nigeria, the grid is characterized by limited spinning reserves, weak transmission lines, and consistence frequency excursions. The integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) present both operational challenges and efficiency opportunities. This study assessed the impact of solar energy technologies on the stability and efficiency of the National AC grid power system. It evaluated key stability indicators, such as frequency response, voltage regulation and system inertia, under varying solar penetration levels. Power flow and dynamic simulations were conducted on a representative model of the Nigerian transmission network to analyse intermittency effects and reduced synchronous generation displacement. Results indicated that while moderate solar penetration improves overall system efficiency by reducing transmission losses and fuel dependency, high levels of inverter-based generation without adequate grid support mechanisms may degrade frequency stability and voltage profiles. The study demonstrated that integrating grid-forming inverters, battery energy storage systems, and advanced reactive power compensation significantly enhances system resilience and operational reliability. The findings provided strategic insights for optimizing solar integration, which supported Nigeria energy diversification goals in maintaining grid stability and efficiency.