Managing the long-term and late effects of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer

Although one of the less common cancers, head and neck cancer is increasingly prevalent, especially in younger patients. Radiotherapy is an important component of treatment for head and neck cancer and offers substantial benefits in terms of tumour control and survival rates. However, radiotherapy has a range of often progressive and debilitating side effects, which negatively affect patients’ function, well-being and quality of life. This article discusses the long-term and late effects of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer – which include lymphoedema, speech difficulties, dysphagia, xerostomia, dental issues, taste changes, fatigue and hearing loss – as well as the psychosocial consequences of cancer and its treatment. It describes the range of needs patients may have and the role of nurses in assessing, supporting and referring patients.