Physiochemical properties of premixed bioceramic-based root canal sealer reinforced with copper oxide nanoparticles

Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate Bio-C sealer and enhance its physicochemical characteristics through reinforcement with copper oxide nanoparticles at 1%, 2%, and 4% w/w concentrations. Materials and Methods: Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were incorporated into premixed Bio-C sealer at 1%, 2%, and 4% w/w concentrations. The initial and final setting times, solubility, flow characteristics, hydrophilicity, and pH values of both freshly mixed and set specimens were assessed and compared. The microstructural features of the developed composite materials were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Results: The addition of CuO nanoparticles at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 4% resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in the setting time of Bio-C sealer. Flow values progressively decreased with increasing nanoparticle concentration. While incorporation of 1% and 2% CuO nanoparticles produced a slight and statistically insignificant increase in solubility, a statistically significant rise was observed at the 4% concentration. Hydrophilicity improved in a concentration-dependent manner following nanoparticle incorporation. Furthermore, inclusion of copper oxide nanoparticles produced a progressive and statistically significant elevation in pH from 24 h up to 14 days, indicating enhanced alkalinity of the modified sealers over time. Conclusions: Bio-C sealers modified with 1% and 2% CuO nanoparticles demonstrated improved physicochemical properties. These concentrations appear to provide an optimal balance and may be considered promising candidates for use as enhanced root canal sealers in endodontic therapy.