Spectral diffusion in a three-state quantum system: studies of nonlinear optical susceptibilities

We have incorporated spectral diffusion in a system of three quantum states immersed in a thermal bath for the study of optical responses in four-wave mixing spectroscopy, using the density matrix formalism and the development of quantum relaxation theory. The primary objective of this work is to establish a generalized theoretical framework that evaluates how internal relaxation within all three quantum states—including a non-resonant third state—modifies the macroscopic nonlinear polarization of the medium. By introducing specific scaling parameters, we aim to isolate and quantify the influence of spectral diffusion in the third state, a feature typically omitted in existing literature. The results found allow giving explanations about the parametric amplification, as well as the possibility of generation of sensors in regions close to the degeneracy of optical frequencies. In our study we have been able to recognize previously published results for the optical susceptibility responses of absorption and scattering. Our model, unlike those already presented in this topic, assumes all states of the quantum system with internal relaxations. We found that the inclusion of spectral diffusion in the third state significantly impacts the system’s kinetic behavior, specifically eliminating “hole burning” effects in dispersion and parametric amplification in nonlinear absorption. These findings suggest that interband and intraband kinetic constants must be considered simultaneously to accurately model the ultra-fast relaxation times in complex molecular systems like organic dyes. The development of the problem is subject to rotating wave considerations in the selection of the Fourier component terms associated with both the coherences induced in the system and those coming from the canonical populations of the states. In addition, it involves the development of perturbation theory in the amplitudes of the incident electromagnetic fields associated with this nonlinear FWM type technique. Our treatments have been performed for frequency differences in the absorption range of organic dyes, without any restriction in the cases of near-zero tunings. Our proposal for the third state with spectral diffusion effects completely eliminates both the “hole burning” created in the dispersion and the parametric amplification generated in nonlinear absorption, when compared with results with the state outside resonance treated without spectral diffusion effects within the band. This highlights the importance of interband kinetic constants in comparison with those within the band.