Brain–Computer Interfaces: The Dawn of a New Era in Disease Treatment

ABSTRACT Brain–computer interface (BCI) technology has emerged as a crucial interdisciplinary advancement in the field of neuropsychiatric disease treatment. With the global rise in the prevalence of neurological and psychiatric disorders, which impose a substantial burden on society, BCI offers a novel approach. Since the discovery of bioelectric phenomena in the 19th century, various classification frameworks have been developed based on signal paradigms, invasiveness, and feedback mechanisms. BCI applications span multiple disease areas. In movement disorders, it aids in restoring motor function through prosthetic control, functional electrical stimulation, and brain stimulation–based therapies. For patients with communication barriers, it enables alternative communication methods and speech‐related neural signal decoding. In psychiatric conditions, BCI shows growing potential in both diagnosis and treatment, particularly in conditions like autism and depression. Despite significant progress, BCI faces challenges. The long‐term biocompatibility of electrodes and the resolution of neural signals remain to be improved. To address these limitations, research on new electrode materials, such as carbon nanomaterials and composites, is ongoing. Emerging BCI technologies, including endovascular BCI and optogenetics BCI, present new possibilities. The integration of multimodal technologies and artificial intelligence in BCI systems is expected to enhance performance and enable more personalized treatment. Overall, BCI technology holds great promise for improving the quality of life of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders and driving innovation in the medical and neuroscience fields.