Flexible wearable electronics for cardiovascular monitoring from surface signals to deep physiological insights

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of global mortality, while conventional hospital‐centered examinations often fail to capture transient, progressive, and context‐dependent abnormalities in daily life. Flexible wearable electronics provide a promising route toward continuous, low‐burden, and physiologically informative cardiovascular monitoring through conformal biointerfaces, multimodal signal acquisition, and ambulatory data analytics. Here, we review recent advances in flexible wearable electronics for cardiovascular monitoring from the perspective of physiological information accessibility. We organize the field into four interconnected information layers: surface electrophysiology, functional hemodynamics, deep cardiovascular imaging, and molecular biofluid analysis. This framework clarifies how electrical rhythm, vascular loading, structural and flow‐related features, and biochemical states are captured, interpreted, and integrated across wearable platforms. We further analyze the intrinsic limitations of each layer, including interface instability, motion artifacts, calibration drift, limited imaging depth, weak biomarker specificity, and insufficient clinical validation. Finally, we discuss multimodal integration, physics‐informed data fusion, individualized calibration, and translational requirements as key directions toward clinically interpretable and actionable cardiovascular health management.